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Founding Presidents (1789-1829)
- George Washington: The Father of the United States – Lesson
- John Adams: A Stubborn but Dedicated Leader – Lesson
- Thomas Jefferson: The Author of Independence – Lesson
- Founding Presidents: Washington, Adams, and Jefferson – Quiz
- James Madison: The Father of the Constitution – Lesson
- James Monroe: Opposing the Federalists – Lesson
- John Quincy Adams: The Federalists who Abandoned the Party – Lesson
- Founding Presidents: Madison, Monroe, and Adams – Quiz
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Civil War Presidents (1829-1869)
- Andrew Jackson: The First Democrat – Lesson
- Martin Van Buren: The Little Magician – Lesson
- Civil War Presidents: Jackson and Van Buren – Quiz
- William Henry Harrison: The Indian-Fighter – Lesson
- John Tyler: The First President to Not Be Elected – Lesson
- James Polk: Young Hickory – Lesson
- Zachary Taylor: Old Rough and Ready – Lesson
- Millard Fillmore: The Last Whig President – Lesson
- Franklin Pierce: A President Ruined by Slavery – Lesson
- Franklin Pierce: A President Ruined by Slavery – Quiz
- James Buchanan: A President for States’ Rights – Lesson
- James Buchanan: A President for States’ Rights – Quiz
- Abraham Lincoln: The Great Emancipator – Lesson
- Abraham Lincoln: The Great Emancipator – Quiz
- Andrew Johnson: The First President to Be Impeached – Lesson
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Reconstruction Presidents (1865-1901)
- Ulysses S. Grant: A Friend of Mark Twain – Lesson
- Ulysses S. Grant: A Friend of Mark Twain – Quiz
- Rutherford B. Hayes: The First President to Lose the Popular Vote – Lesson
- Rutherford B. Hayes: The First President to Lose the Popular Vote – Quiz
- James A. Garfield: The Last of the Log Cabin Presidents – Lesson
- James A. Garfield: The Last of the Log Cabin Presidents – Quiz
- Chester A. Arthur: A One Term President – Lesson
- Chester A. Arthur: A One Term President – Quiz
- Grover Cleveland: A President of Principle – Lesson
- Grover Cleveland: A President of Principle – Quiz
- Benjamin Harrison: The Second President in His Family – Lesson
- Benjamin Harrison: The Second President in His Family – Quiz
- William McKinley: The Third Presidential Assassination – Lesson
- William McKinley: The Third Presidential Assassination – Quiz
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20th Century Presidents
- Richard Nixon: The Only President to Ever Resign – Lesson
- Richard Nixon: The Only President to Ever Resign – Quiz
- Gerald Ford – America’s First Unelected President – Lesson
- Gerald Ford – America’s First Unelected President – Quiz
- Jimmy Carter – the President Who Promised He’d Never Lie – Lesson
- Jimmy Carter – the President Who Promised He’d Never Lie – Quiz
- Ronald Reagan – The ‘Peace Through Strength’ President – Lesson
- Ronald Reagan – The ‘Peace Through Strength’ President – Quiz
James A. Garfield: The Last of the Log Cabin Presidents – Lesson
As a self-made man, Garfield studied many subjects and worked a variety of jobs.
James A. Garfield (1831–1881) was the 20th president of the United States. Although his term, and life, were cut short by an assassin just a few months after being elected, his legacy as both a soldier and a leader remain.
Garfield is fondly known as the last of the log cabin presidents. At the age of two he became fatherless and his mother had to raise him and his siblings on her own. A self-made man, the future president studied a host of different subjects, including law. He’d always wanted to be a ship captain, but never found the opportunity – though he paid for his education by driving canal boat teams in Ohio. Instead, he taught Greek and Latin at the Eclectic Institute and, in 1857, became the president of the school. He also became an ordained Christian minister.
When the Civil War broke out in 1861, Garfield joined the Union with the 42nd Ohio Volunteer Infantry. He first served as a lieutenant colonel but achieved the rank of major general. In 1862, President Abraham Lincoln asked Garfield to resign his military commission so that he could accept his nomination to the House of Representatives. Garfield was at first reluctant, but began his political career serving as a Republican in the House of Representatives the following year. He served in Congress for 18 years until 1881.
The Republican Party was relatively new and still smarting from the Civil War. Although Garfield was considered a moderate Republican, he had to figure out a way to satisfy the two factions within his own party: the Stalwarts, who were the old-guard conservatives, and the Half-Breeds who were more progressive.
The 1880 presidential convention was fraught with tension and confusion. Garfield was campaigning for John Sherman, a fellow Republican and also a longtime friend. However, because of the rift between the Stalwarts and the Half-Breeds, it took 36 ballots to finally choose a nominee. The delegates made a surprise move and chose Garfield as their nominee, and to mollify the Half-Breed faction, chose Chester A. Arthur as the vice-presidential nominee. Garfield barely won the election with little more than 10,000 popular votes and was inaugurated on March 4, 1881.
On July 2, 1881, just four months after his inauguration, President Garfield was shot by a disgruntled attorney, Charles Guiteau, who did not get the political appointment he wanted. He fired two shots at the president while Garfield was on the way to a Williams College reunion. As Garfield fell to the ground, the assassin yelled out, “I am a Stalwart and Arthur is president now!” Guiteau was convicted of the murder and then executed by hanging in 1882.
Garfield did not die right away, but lay in the White House for nearly three months. Doctors were unable to locate the bullet in his back. Alexander Graham Bell, inventor of the telephone, tried to find the bullet with a metal detector he’d created, also without luck. Garfield, at the age of 49, died from an infection and internal bleeding.